Industry 4.0: Self-Driving Vehicles

Mr. Amitkumar Ashokrao Shinde, (aashinde@coe.sveri.ac.in), Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVERI’s COE, Pandharpur

1.1 Introduction

Self-driving cars are “cars or trucks in which human drivers are never required to take control to safely operate the vehicle. Also known as autonomous or ‘driver less’ cars, they combine sensors and software to control, navigate, and drive the vehicle.”

Technology puts autonomous vehicle on driving seat. Future of self driving vehicles traveling on our road’s is aging closer.Auto maker’s increasing new innovations applied in there car’s. One example of smart car technology is Ford’s blind spot detection and warning sensor.radar sensors fitted in tail light of vehicle detects other vehicles coming behind the vehicle / driver’s blind spot and turns lights fitted in rear view mirror, when it’s unsafe to change the Lane. Those radar sensors also detects, oncoming vehicle when our vehicle coming out of parking spot. Some BMW car’s can park automatically. Today’s car use radar, sonar, cameras or combination of all three’s to activate cruise control. This feature allows car drive autonomously at fix speed and breaks automatically even when driver doesn’t react suddenly. Some Mercedes car’s can differentiate two legged and four legged obstacles and breaks harder for people’s. Cameras in today’s car’s can identify Lane marking and warns driver to stay in the line.Tesla’s electric car already tune into autopilot mode, change Lane automatically.In the near future, we should expect to see traffic jam autopilot, which will allow the driver to take his hands away from steering wheel and let car do their work own.Looking further ahead automaker working on automatic valley parking drops the passenger off, find his own parking space . However we are sometime away from every vehicle on road are autonomous.

Self driving car’s are equipped with software to make sure they function as best as possible without human interruption. After many years of research,car uses light based radar called LIDAR.

LIDAR  means light detection and ranging with IMU initial measurement unit together used to pinpoint the location of vehicle. This arrangements keep you safe.car uses GPU and Deep Learning technology, find fastest route with the help camera fitted with the vehicle. Special algorithm always running in the car predict actions of other driver taken and take appropriate action

1.2 Working principle:

Self driving cars do not require a driver to drive the vehicle from point A to point B. The technology includes many sensors like Lidar sensor, radar sensor, ultrasonic sensor and radar.

Fig.1.1 Working principle of Self-Driving Vehicle.

Fig.1.2Components of Self-Driving Vehicle

Sensors are located front and rear of vehicle. Cameras and LIDAR sensor frequently found on the roof, without them the vehicle is virtually blind. Lidar is the key component of vehicle. Lidar works similar to radar. Lidar doesn’t use radio Waves but use light Waves that are reflected by surrounding and that are detected by lidar sensors. However point cloud is generated in the surrounding from environment, however lidar doesn’t recognize road signs, camera’s are used for identity and recognize roads sign. Cameras are not also used for obstacles and used for lane keeping. Neither camera nor can’t lidar handle fog, at that condition radar used for collision warnings and avoid accident. The Major disadvantage is the object Large enough to detected, pedestrian and cycle list not detected by radar.

Exact position of vehicle is detected by highly accurate map and digital map, GPS.Digital maps contain lot of information such as intersection sign and speed limits.GPS always not been guaranteed for tunnel and street canians ,a geometry is always necessary for examples wheel diameter and wheel speed can use to find future position of vehicle . All data from sensors are processed by one or processors. nvidia ,AMD offers such chips.

1.3 Levels of automation in the vehicle:

1. Before diving in, a quick primer on the five levels of automation defined by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration:

2. No-Automation (Level 0): The driver is in complete control of the vehicle.

3. Function-specific Automation (Level 1): Automation of one or more specific control functions. Examples include electronic stability control or pre-charged brakes.

4. Combined Function Automation (Level 2): At least two control functions can be automated at the same time (e.g., cruise control in combination with lane centering).

5. Limited Self-Driving Automation (Level 3): The driver can cede full control of all critical functions under certain traffic and environmental conditions, but there must be adequate transition time for the driver to take over.

6. Full Self-Driving Automation (Level 4): The vehicle performs all safety-critical driving functions and monitors roadway conditions for an entire trip, including occupied and unoccupied vehicles.

7. There are two big issues that muddle the AV issue: adoption rate and energy sources.

1.4 Future of self driving cars:

The adoption rate is the change in proportion of AVs versus the human-driven vehicles of today. This will probably start out as a slow process, where most car manufactures offer an AV model or two at first (we can expect this by the early 2020s) and then gradually they will adopt it for most or all of their products. Within 10 or 20 years, when there is a critical mass of AVs on the road and the benefits of AVs are publicly accepted, governments will impose some type of restrictions on human-driven cars. If they’re not banned outright, in progressive areas drivers will certainly be required to have more stringent licensing and insurance coverage. Some regions may choose to restrict human-driven cars to rural areas or test tracks, or for special purposes like utilities, emergency services, and commercial deliveries in urban areas. Personally, I like driving on road trips and wouldn’t mind taking the wheel when heading to the mountains or coast for skiing or camping; plus, things like snow, mountains, and trees may inhibit lane sensors and GPS signals from reliably navigating AVs outside of the metropolitan areas.

References:

1.Working principle of Self-driving vehicles:  https://www.iotforall.com/how-do-self-driving-cars-work/

2. Introduction of Self-driving vehicles:   https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/2/14/21063487/self-driving-cars-  autonomous-vehicles-waymo-cruise-uber

3. Levels of automation in Self-driving Vehicles: https://www.synopsys.com/automotive/what-is-autonomous-car.html